grammar for prep students

من طرف **ahmed badr** الخميس 30 ديسمبر 2010, 8:07 pm

Grammar If :- Conditional

أسلوب الشرط يتكون من1-أداة الشرط [if-unless-without-in case of-but for….]

2-فعل الشرط و يلي أداة الشرط 3-جواب الشرط [يمكن أن يكون في بداية الجملة أو بعد فعل الشرط ]

لاحظ:-1- أسلوب الشرط غالباً يكون عكس الجملة الأساسية من حيت الإثبات و النفي بمعنى إذا كانت الجملة مثبتة تكون مع [if] نفى و العكس صحيح ما لم توجد كلمة توحي بأن الجملة غير حقيقية مثل [probable-maybe-possible]

2-إذا كانت الجملة بها[as-since-because] يكون فعل الشرط هو التالي لهم وجواب الشرط هو الأول

سبب (فعل الشرط)[Because/as/since ] === (جواب الشرط) نتيجة

3-إذا كان بالجملة[so, that's why ,therefore, thus] يكون فعل الشرط هو الأول أي تلك الروابط تربط جملتين الأولى سبب و الثانية نتيجة فيكون فعل الشرط هو السبب و النتيجة هي جواب الشرط

نتيجة (جواب الشرط)=[so/ thus/that's why/therefore]= سبب(فعل الشرط)

1-Zero conditional [If +مضارع بسيط….,مضارع بسيط]

الحالة الصفرية:-تعبر عن حقيقة و يكون جواب الشرط و فعل الشرط مضارع بسيط.

=If you boil water, it turns into steam.

2-Imperative [If +فاعل+مضارع بسيط…, don't+مصدر /مصدر أمر /نهي=)]

= You will meet Mona ,if so, don't tell her the news.[If]

-If you meet Mona , don't tell her the news.

3-First conditional:-[If +فاعل +مضارع بسيط…,فاعل+ will/can/won't +مصدر]

= الحالة الأولي تعبر عن حدث محتمل حدوثة ويكون فعل الشرط مضارع بسيط و جواب الشرط مستقبل بسيط.

=Perhaps he will arrive tomorrow ,If so, I'll meet him.[If]

-If he arrives tomorrow, I'll meet him.

4-Second conditional:-[If+ فاعل+ماضي بسيط(تصريف ثاني)…,فاعل+would[not]+مصدر

=الحالة الثانية تعبر عن حدث غير محتمل حدوثة @ إذا كانت الجملة الأساسية منفية تكون مع [IF]

= IF+فاعل+had/were/تصريف ثاني…., فاعل+ would +مصدر

لاحظ إننا نستخدم الحالة الثانية إذا كانت الجملة الأساسية بها مضارع ونستخدم [were]مع جميع الضمائر إذا كان بالجملة[am,is,are +not] ونستخدم [had]عند وجود[don't/doesn't +have] ونستخدم التصريف الثاني من المصدر إذا كان بالجملة[مصدرdon't/doesn't] +]

1-Samah isn't a doctor. She can't help you. [If]

-If Samah were a doctor , she would help you.

2-Maha can't buy a car because she doesn't have enough money. [If]

-If Maha had enough money, she would buy a car.

===== إذا كانت الجملة الأساسية مثبتة تكون ....===========================

=If+فاعل+weren't…./didn't [have/مصدر].., فاعل+wouldn't +مصدر

نستخدم [weren't]مع جميع الضمائر إذا كان بالجملة[am,is,are] ونستخدم [didn't have]عند وجود[has/have] ونستخدم [مصدر+didn't] إذا كان الفعل مصدر أو مصدر مضاف لة [s/es].

= He is clever enough to solve the problem.[If]

-If he weren't clever ,he wouldn't solve the problem.

Grammar If :- Conditional

ت :الحالة الثانية لاحظ:يمكن حذف [If]و استخدام [were] بدلاً منها بنفس المعني مع ملاحظة إذا كانت [were] أساسية يعنى أن يكون بالجملة[am /is/are] يكون كما يلي:-

@=Were +فاعل……….., فاعل+would [not] +مصدر

=He isn't a teacher , so he can't help you.[Were]

-Were he a teacher, he would help you.

= أما إذا كانت [were] غير أساسية يعنى ألا يكون بالجملة[am /is/are] يكون كما يلي

@=Were +فاعل +to+مصدر……….., فاعل+would [not] +مصدر

= He doesn't have a lot of money , so he can't travel abroad. [Were]

-Were he to have a lot of money , he would travel abroad.

5-Third conditional :-[If +فاعل +had [not]+pp…,فاعل +would [not] +have +pp.]

الحالة الثالثة تعبر عن حدث مستحيل حدوثة لان عكسة قد حدث فى الماضي و نستخدم الحالة الثالثة إذا كانت الجملة الأساسية ماضي.

@= If +فاعل +had +not +pp…,فاعل +would +not +have+ pp [مثبتة إذا كانت الجملة]

@=If +فاعل +had +pp…,فاعل +would +have +pp [منفية إذا كانت الجملة]

=The bus didn't stop as you didn't put your hand up.[If]

-If you had put your hand up , the bus would have stopped.

=He lost the match because he didn't exercise more.[If]

-If he had exercised more , he wouldn't lost the match.

=كما يمكن حذف [If]و نستخدم فى هذة الحالة [Had(not)] بدلا منها.

@=Had [not]+فاعل+pp………., فاعل +would [not] +have +pp

= Had he exercised more, he wouldn't lost the race.

If +فاعل +فعل منفي [not].., جواب الشرط = Unless +فاعل +فعل مثبت..,…جواب الشرط

=But for/Without +V+ ing/noun……., جواب الشرط

# His father helped him, so he got high marks.[If/Unless/Without]

-If his father hadn't helped him ,he wouldn't have got high marks.

-Unless his father had helped him ,he wouldn't have got high marks.

-Without his father's help , he wouldn't have got high marks.

@1-Without/But for +V+ ing/noun…, فاعل +would [not]+مصدر [لاحظ]

= If it weren't for +V+ ing/noun…, فاعل +would [not]+مصدر

@2- Without/But for +V+ ing/noun…, فاعل +would [not]+have +pp

= If it hadn't been for +V+ ing/noun…, فاعل +would [not]+have +pp

$-Without hard work ,he wouldn't pass the exam. [If it]

-If it weren't for hard work , he wouldn't pass the exam.

& Without hard work ,he wouldn't have passed the exam. [If it]

- If it hadn't been for hard work , he wouldn't have passed the exam.

يمكن استخدام [In case of]بدلاً من [If] في الإثبات و يأتي بعدها [noun /or/V+ ing]

&If you are strong, you will defeat your enemy.

-In case of your strength /being strong , you will defeat your enemy

& Whether….or تحول إلي with or without [to introduce alternative conditions]

= Whether you help me or not , I will complete it.

=With or without your help , I will complete it.

Conjunctions / Time الزمن Grammar

[since-when-while-till-until-no sooner….than-after-before-as soon as….]

1-When..فاعل +مضارع بسيط..,مضارع بسيط *When the sun sets, farmers go home.

2-When+فاعل+ماضى بسيط..,ماضى مستمر *When Ali came, I was reading a story.

3-تستخدم مع الماضى البسيط للتعبير عن عادة في الماضى كما يلي:

=فاعل عاقل +تصريف ثاني…..when.+فاعل +تصريف ثاني…

=فاعل عاقل +used to +مصدر…. when.+فاعل +تصريف ثاني

=فاعل + was in the habit of +V+ing. =It was +ضمير ملكية+ habit to +مصدر

He played football when he was young. [used to/ the habit of]

-He used to play football when……// He was in the habit of playing football..

4-فاعل+last +تصريف ثاني ….when .+فاعل +تصريف ثاني =

-The last time فاعل +تصريف ثاني…. when.+فاعل +تصريف ثاني

و هنا [when] تساوي[since]مع تحويل زمن الجملة الاولي إلي مضارع تام منفي كما يلي

=فاعل +has/have+ not +PP….since +فاعل +تصريف ثاني…

@ The last time I met him when we were in Alex.[since]

=I haven't met him since we were in Alex.

5-فاعل +had+ hardly /scarcely +PP….. when.+فاعل +تصريف ثاني [or]

-Hardly /Scarcely + had +فاعل +PP…. when.+فاعل +تصريف ثاني [لم يكد...حتي]

&-He had hardly traveled to Alex when he was asked to return.

6-فاعل +will +مصدر +رابط زمني [when/as soon as/after/before..]+فاعل +مضارع بسيط أو تام

= I'll go home when Mona comes. /I'll go home as soon as Mona comes.

=I'll start working after I eat ./ =I'll start working after I have eaten.

======= After===إذا كانت الجمل ماضى ============================

1-After +فاعل +had +PP …., فاعل +تصريف ثاني…

=After +V+ing +….., فاعل +تصريف ثاني… =Having +PP…., فاعل +تصريف ثاني…

@-He finished his work. Then he went home.[After/Having..]

-After he had finished his work, he went home =After finishing his…أكمل الجملة

-Having finished his work, he went home.

2-After+فاعل +مضارع بسيط…,فاعل +مضارع بسيط [للتعبير عن حقيقة]

= After he finishes his work, he goes home.

========== Before = By the time ==== إذا كانت الجمل ماضى ==========

& Before=By the time + فاعل +تصريف ثاني ….., فاعل +had +PP..

=Before =By the time he went home , he had finished his work.

========As soon as + فاعل .........تصريف ثاني+ فاعل +تصريف ثاني =====بمجرد أن

=As soon as we got out of the car, it moved forward.

2- As soon as + فاعل+had + PP……, فاعل +تصريف ثاني

-As soon as he had arrived , she left the place.

==== فاعل +had+ no sooner +PP….. than+فاعل +تصريف ثاني [لم يكد ...حتى] ===

2- No sooner + had +فاعل +PP…. than.+فاعل +تصريف ثاني [و عند البدأ بها ]

=He had no sooner seen the thief than he cried.=No sooner had he seen…..

Grammar F :Conjunctions /Time

# While= As +فاعل + was/were +V +ing……., فاعل +تصريف ثاني

-While= As +فاعل + was/were +V +ing……., فاعل + was/were +V+ing

-While= As +V+ ing /noun……., فاعل +تصريف ثاني

= During +V+ ing /noun…….,فاعل +تصريف ثاني

#While he was playing football, his brother was reading his favourite story.

# He fell down while he was playing football.=He fell down during playing…

====1-فاعل +will/won't +مصدر ….till/until +فاعل +مضارع بسيط أو تام ==== حتى=

# I'll wait for her until she comes. # I won't leave until they arrive/have arrived.

2-فاعل +didn't+مصدر [ماضي بسيط]….till/until +فاعل +had +PP [ماضي تام]

أي عند استخدام [till/until] بدلاً من الروابط الزمنية يجب أن بنفي الفعل الأساسي في الجملة.

-He didn't go shopping until he had finished his work.[after/before]

========================================since منذ ====

@ + فاعل has/have+pp[been+V+ing]….since +فاعل +تصريف ثاني [بداية مدة زمنية]

= I was born in Menasha and still live in it.[since]

-I have been living in Menasha since I was born.[my childhood]

@ It's +فترة من الوقت/مدة زمنية محددة + since + فاعل +تصريف ثاني [لاحظ ما يلي ]

=فاعل +has/have+not+ PP……for +المدة الزمنية المحددة

= فاعل+last +تصريف ثاني …. مدة زمنية محددة +ago

=The last time فاعل +تصريف ثاني….…. مدة زمنية محددة +ago

=I last phoned him two weeks ago . =It's two weeks since I phoned him.

-It's years since I saw him.[for] == I haven't seen him for years.

@I last spoke to him a week ago.[for] [عند استخدامها نجعل الزمن مضارع تام منفي]

@فاعل + has/have +not +PP…for +مدة زمنية محددة /I haven't spoken to him for a week.

-لاحظ أذا كانت بالجملة[for] قبلها مضارع تام مستمرو يليها مدة محددة عند استخدام [ago] فلابد من استخدام [ began /started to+inf] أو[began/started +V +ing]

@فاعل + has/have +been+v +ing …for +مدة زمنية محدد [ago]

=فاعل +began/started +[ to+مصدر]or [v+ing]…….مدة زمنية محددة + ago.

-I have been reading this story for a week.[ago]

-I began to read this story a week ago.

=============================================لاحظ ======

# When تحول إلي in/on/at +V+ ing /noun & as soon as / no sooner….than /hardly [ scarcely]….when immediately on [after /at] +V +ing/noun

#At sunset, farmers go home./ I was reading a story on his entrance.

#Immediately on getting out of the car, it moved forward.

أما هذة الروابط تظل كما هي و يأتي بعدها أيضاً [V + ing/noun] وهم[since/till/before/after]

=She cleaned up the house before the arrival of the guests.

=He hasn't visited me since his return to Cairo.

=She told me her name after asking her twice.

Grammar Conjunctions : Contrast

هذه الروابط تربط جمل متناقضة[although/however/whatever/as/in spite of/despite/]

1-Although [though] فاعل+فعل..,جملة ثانية Although he is rich, he is unhappy.

2-However +صفة + فاعل+فعل..,جملة ثانية However rich he is, he is unhappy.

3- However +ظرف + فاعل+فعل..,جملة ثانية However slowly he walks, he arrives in time.

4- جملة أولي ..,However, جملة ثاني He walks slowly. However, he arrives in time

5-Whatever +اسم+ فاعل+فعل..,جملة ثانية Whatever money he has, he is unhappy.

6- Whatever +ضمير/فاعل+فعل..,جملة ثانية Whatever you write, the teacher will correct it.

7-صفة +as + فاعل+فعل..,جملة ثانية = Beautiful as she was, he didn't marry her.

8- جملة أولي ..even if [though] جملة ثانية

=I like that dress even if[though] it is too expensive.

9-[In spite of / despite /regardless of/ for all/ with all +V+ing /noun]

-In spite of her beauty , he didn't marry her.

-With all his weakness , he fights fiercely./ For all his money, he is unhappy.

I like that dress despite/in spite of being too expensive.

============ Conjunctions : Cause السبب =================

الروابط التالية تستخدم لربط جملتين الجملة الثانية سبب للجملة الأولي.

= جملة اولي [نتيجة] +as /since/because +فاعل +فعل ….[سبب] (لأن)

= جملة اولي [نتيجة] +because of/ on account of/owing to/due to +V+ing/noun .[سبب] (بسبب)

= He cancelled the meeting because the weather was bad.[owing to]

--He cancelled the meeting because of /owing to the bad weather .

=As he was careless, he failed. [due to] / He failed due to being careless.

============ Conjunctions : purpose الغرض ===========

1-فاعل +فعل مضارع ...that /so that/in order that /in the hope that+فاعل+can/may+مصدر

2- فاعل +فعل ماضى ...that /so that/in order that /in the hope that+فاعل+could/might+مصدر

3-- فاعل + فعل ماضي أو مضارع ...in order to/to/so as to +مصدر [لكي]

4- فاعل + فعل ماضي أو مضارع ...in the hope of +V+ing /noun [لكي]

5- فاعل +فعل ماضي أو مضارع ...lest [ خشية أن]+فاعل+should+مصدر

6- فاعل +فعل ماضي أو مضارع ...for fear of [ خشية أن]+V +ing /noun

------------------ Examples -------------------------------------------------------------

-He needs fiftypounds so that he can/ may buy a new suit.

-I moved to the front row in order that I could/might hear him.

- He needs fiftypounds to/ so as to /in order to buy a new suit.

-The thief hid for fear that the policeman should/might see him.

-He worked hard lest he should fail.

- I moved to the front row in order to/to/so as to hear him.

-He worked hard in the hope of getting the prize.

- The thief hid for fear of being seen by the policeman.

- He worked hard for fear of failure.

Grammar Conjunctions: Result النتيجة

1-فاعل +فعل …so +صفة أو ظرف + that +فاعل +فعل مثبت ….جملة كاملة [جداً لدرجة أن]

2- فاعل +فعل such+اسم [a/an+اسم+صفة]+ that +فاعل +فعل مثبت / جملة كاملة [جداً لدرجة أن]

= فاعل +فعل +صفة/ ظرف + enough to +مصدر…….

-The noise was so loud that I couldn't hear him. /-He ran so quickly that he caught the thief. / –He is such a coward that he ran away. /-He is such a busy man that he can't meet his friends. // He ran quickly enough to catch the thief.

لاحظ:- عند البدء ب[so] يأتي بعدها الصفة مباشرة أو الظرف ثم الفعل المساعد ثم الفاعل أما إذا بدأت الجملة ب[such] يأتي بعدها مباشرة الاسم أو شبة الجملة الاسمية[اسم+صفةa/an+] ثم الفعل المساعد ثم الفاعل. =So loud was the noise that I couldn't hear him

=Such a busy man is he that he can't meet his friends.

---------------------------------------------------------------

1-فاعل +فعل …so +صفة أو ظرف + that +فاعل +فعل منفى….جملة كاملة [جداً لدرجة ألا]

2- فاعل +فعل such+اسم [a/an+اسم+صفة]+ that +فاعل +فعل منفي / جملة كاملة [جداً لدرجة ألا]

= فاعل +فعل +too+صفة/ ظرف + to +مصدر…….

-The noise was too loud for me to hear him./ He is too busy to meet his friends.

= إذا إختلف الفاعل بعد [that] عن الفاعل الأول نستخدم [for +ضمير المفعول أو الاسم] قبل [to]

= إذا كان الفاعل بعد[that]..[nobody/ no one] نستخدم عند التحويل [for anyone/anybody]

=The question is so difficult that no one can answer it. [too….to]

- The question is too difficult for anyone to answer it.

= في حالة استخدام [It is] قبل [so/such] نلاحظ

@-It is +such+ a /an+صفة +اسم +that…./ @ It is +so+صفة +a/an+اسم +that….

= The question is so easy that he can answer it. [It is..]

-It is such an easy question that……../ It is so easy a question that…..[اكمل]

= عند تحويل [to + صفة+too] إلي [ + enough to صفة] ينفي الفعل الأول و نستخدم عكس الصفة في المعني

=He is too weak to work. He isn't strong enough to work.

=عند وجود such في أول الجملة +V to be+اسم فقط +that يمكن استخدام such that متصلة كما يلي:- نبدأ بالاسم ثم V to be ثم such that المتصلة .

=Such was his honesty that everyone respected him.

- His honesty was such that everyone respected him.

= عند استخدام اسم بعد such هذا يلزم تحويل V to be إلي V to have.[be so..that=have such…that]

=He is so strong that he can defeat his rival.=He has such strength that he…

= such.+اسم .. = too much +اسم

= He made such a noise that I couldn't study my lessons.

-He made too much noise for me to study my lessons.

=========================================لاحظ ما يلي ====

=Besides/in addition to/as well as+V +ing/noun…,فاعل +فعل…….

=Yesterday I did my homework and prepared a new lesson.

=Yesterday, [besides/as well as]doing my homework, I prepared a new lesson.

Grammar Adjective clauses

الجملة الو صفية تقوم بعمل الصفة أي أنها تصف اسم أو ضمير[who[m]/which/that/where…]

* لكي نربط جملتين بإحدى الأسماء الموصولة تتبع ما يلي :

1-نحدد المشترك في الجملتين و نحذف المشترك الثاني و نضع بدلاً منة الاسم الموصول المناسب.

2-جملة الاسم الموصول تأتي بعد المشترك الأول في الجملة الأولي مباشراً

= Who / that ================= الذي /التي/اللائي ================

*تستخدم لوصف أو تعريف الأشخاص A teacher is a person who teaches students.

*تحل محل فاعل أو مفعول عاقل مكرر في الجملة الثانية

=The pupil succeeded. I helped him The pupil who[m]I helped succeeded.

-Ali is a good boy. I meet him daily. Ali who I meet daily is a good boy.

======== which / that ======== الذي /التي/اللائي ==================

*تستخدم لوصف أو تعريف الأشياء A candle is something that/which gives us light.

*تحل محل فاعل أو مفعول غير عاقل مكرر في الجملة الثانية

-The dog bit the child .I saw it last night . The dog which I saw last nigh bit the child.

========whose [his /her/their]==تحل محل ضمير ملكية مكرر في الحملة الثانية=

=I married the lady .Her father is a good man.

= I married the lady whose father is a good man.

====== where place ============= حيث =====================

* تستخدم لوصف أو تعريف المكان و تحل محل ظرف المكان المكرر في الحملة الثانية[here/there]

=A hospital is a place where sick people go.

=This is the place. We had a picnic here yesterday.

=This is the place where We had a picnic yesterday.

= This is the place in which We had a picnic yesterday.

لاحظ في حالة وجود[حرف جر + ظرف مكان]يتم حذفهم و نستخدم [where]بدلا منهم أو نستخدم [which] مع بقاء حرف الجر.[where = in which = ظرف مكان+حرف الجر]

================ when time عندما ===================

* تستخدم لوصف أو تعريف الزمان و تحل محل ظرف الزمان المكرر في الحملة الثانية.

- April is a special month when I was born.

لاحظ في حالة وجود[حرف جر + ظرف زمان]يتم حذفهم و نستخدم [when]بدلا منهم أو نستخدم [which] مع بقاء حرف الجر.[where = in which = ظرف زمان+حرف الجر]

= April is a special month in which I was born .

================================= ملاحظات ===============

1-يمكن أن نستخدم [that] بدلا من [who(m)/which]و لكن يجب ملاحظة أنة إذا سبقها حرف جر فلا يجوز استخدام [that] و لكن نستخدم ضمير الوصل المناسب.The man to whom you speak is coming to tea.

2-يجب استخدام [that] و ليس [who/which] بعد هذة الكلمات [any/only/It is/ superlatives]

=He is the only Egyptian that has got a medal. /He is the greatest scientist that ever lived./

It is the teacher that decides what to read./Any paper that you read will give the same story.
3-بعد كلمة [all] نستخدم [that] و ليست [what] = This is all that I need. 4- من الخطأ ذكر الضمير الذي حل محله اسم موصول

المدرسة التجريبية للغات

grammar for prep students

grammar for prep students